Skip to contents

Note: This vignette is illustrated with fake data. The dataset explored in this example should not be used to inform decision-making. Some of the methods illustrated in this AQoL-6D vignette can also be used to score other health utility instruments - see a vignette about scoring EQ-5D.

AQoL-6D scoring

To derive a health utility score from the raw responses to a multi-attribute utility instrument it is necessary to implement a scoring algorithm. Scoring algorithms for the Assessment of Quality of Life Six Dimension (AQoL-6D) are publicly available in SPSS format (https://www.aqol.com.au/index.php/scoring-algorithms).

However, to include scoring algorithms in reproducible research workflows, it is desirable to have these algorithms available in open science languages such as R. The scorz package includes ready4 framework modules of the readyforwhatsnext youth mental health economic model that provide R implementations of the adult and adolescent versions of the AQoL-6D scoring algorithms.

Ingest data

To begin, we ingest an unscored dataset as an instance of the Ready4useDyad from the ready4use package. In this case we download our data from a remote repository.

X <- ready4use::Ready4useRepos(dv_nm_1L_chr = "fakes",
                               dv_ds_nm_1L_chr = "https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/W95KED",
                               dv_server_1L_chr = "dataverse.harvard.edu") %>%
  ingest(fls_to_ingest_chr = "ymh_clinical_dyad_r4",
         metadata_1L_lgl = F) 

To make the ingested dataset easier to interpret, we can add labels from the dictionary.

X <- X %>%
  renew(type_1L_chr = "label")

We can now inspect our ingested dataset using the exhibit method.

exhibit(X,
        display_1L_chr = "head",
         scroll_box_args_ls = list(width = "100%"))
Dataset
Unique client identifier Round of data collection Date of data collection Age Gender Sex at birth Sexual orientation Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander Country Of birth Speaks English at home Native English speaker Education and employment status Relationship status Service centre name Primary diagnosis Clinical stage Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (6 Dimension) Patient Health Questionnaire Behavioural Activation for Depression Scale Generalised Anxiety Disorder Scale Overall Anxiety Severity and Impairment Scale Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale Assessment of Quality of Life (6 Dimension) question 1 Assessment of Quality of Life (6 Dimension) question 2 Assessment of Quality of Life (6 Dimension) question 3 Assessment of Quality of Life (6 Dimension) question 4 Assessment of Quality of Life (6 Dimension) question 5 Assessment of Quality of Life (6 Dimension) question 6 Assessment of Quality of Life (6 Dimension) question 7 Assessment of Quality of Life (6 Dimension) question 8 Assessment of Quality of Life (6 Dimension) question 9 Assessment of Quality of Life (6 Dimension) question 10 Assessment of Quality of Life (6 Dimension) question 11 Assessment of Quality of Life (6 Dimension) question 12 Assessment of Quality of Life (6 Dimension) question 13 Assessment of Quality of Life (6 Dimension) question 14 Assessment of Quality of Life (6 Dimension) question 15 Assessment of Quality of Life (6 Dimension) question 16 Assessment of Quality of Life (6 Dimension) question 17 Assessment of Quality of Life (6 Dimension) question 18 Assessment of Quality of Life (6 Dimension) question 19 Assessment of Quality of Life (6 Dimension) question 20
Participant_1 Baseline 2020-03-22 14 Male Male Heterosexual No Australia Yes Yes Not studying or working In a relationship Southport Other 0-1a 8 7 96 6 6 28 69 2 3 1 2 3 1 1 2 4 3 3 4 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 1
Participant_2 Baseline 2020-06-15 19 Female Female Heterosexual Yes Other No No Studying only In a relationship Regional Centre Anxiety 0-1a 13 13 63 12 12 41 58 3 3 1 1 3 2 1 3 2 4 4 3 4 3 1 2 2 2 1 1
Participant_3 Baseline 2020-08-20 21 Female Female Other NA NA NA NA Studying only Not in a relationship Canberra Anxiety 1b 12 17 72 16 12 43 72 2 3 2 5 1 1 1 2 4 5 2 4 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1
Participant_4 Baseline 2020-05-23 12 Female Female Heterosexual Yes Other No No Not studying or working In a relationship Southport Depression and Anxiety 2-4 17 17 75 12 10 51 88 1 2 1 1 3 3 1 4 4 3 3 3 4 2 1 1 2 1 3 1
Participant_5 Baseline 2020-04-05 19 Male Male Heterosexual Yes Other No No Not studying or working Not in a relationship Southport Depression and Anxiety 0-1a 12 22 82 14 14 51 67 2 2 1 3 5 1 1 1 1 5 4 4 3 2 1 2 1 3 2 3
Participant_6 Baseline 2020-06-09 19 Male Male Heterosexual Yes Other No No Studying only In a relationship Regional Centre Anxiety 1b 11 8 105 8 3 46 60 1 2 2 1 2 2 4 1 3 3 4 3 4 2 1 2 1 2 1 1

We now add meta-data that identifies our dataset as being longitudinal using the YouthvarsSeries module of the youthvars package.

X <- youthvars::YouthvarsSeries(a_Ready4useDyad = X,
                                id_var_nm_1L_chr = "fkClientID",
                                timepoint_var_nm_1L_chr = "round",
                                timepoint_vals_chr = levels(X@ds_tb$round))

We now use the data and meta-data we have created in the previous steps to create an instance of the ScorzAqol6Adol class. This class is specifically designed to facilitate scoring of the adolescent version of the AQoL-6D instrument.

Y <- ScorzAqol6Adol(a_YouthvarsProfile = X)

By default, instances of the ScorzAqol6Adol class are created with a slot specifying a value for the prefix for AQoL-6D questionnaire item responses.

procureSlot(Y,
            slot_nm_1L_chr = "itm_prefix_1L_chr")
## [1] "aqol6d_q"

If this default value needs to be updated to match the prefix used in your dataset, use the renewSlot method.

# Not run
# Y <- renewSlot(Y, slot_nm_1L_chr = "itm_prefix_1L_chr", new_val_xx = "new_prefix")

Calculating scores

To calculate AQoL 6D adolescent utility scores, use the renew method.

Y <- renew(Y)

Viewing the updated dataset

We can inspect our updated dataset using the exhibit method. We can see that the updated dataset now has additional variables that include the intermediate and final calculations for AQoL-6D adolescent utility scores.

exhibit(Y,
        display_1L_chr = "head",
         scroll_box_args_ls = list(width = "100%"))
Dataset
Unique client identifier Round of data collection Date of data collection Age Gender Sex at birth Sexual orientation Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander Country Of birth Speaks English at home Native English speaker Education and employment status Relationship status Service centre name Primary diagnosis Clinical stage Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (6 Dimension) Patient Health Questionnaire Behavioural Activation for Depression Scale Generalised Anxiety Disorder Scale Overall Anxiety Severity and Impairment Scale Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale Assessment of Quality of Life (6 Dimension) question 1 Assessment of Quality of Life (6 Dimension) question 2 Assessment of Quality of Life (6 Dimension) question 3 Assessment of Quality of Life (6 Dimension) question 4 Assessment of Quality of Life (6 Dimension) question 5 Assessment of Quality of Life (6 Dimension) question 6 Assessment of Quality of Life (6 Dimension) question 7 Assessment of Quality of Life (6 Dimension) question 8 Assessment of Quality of Life (6 Dimension) question 9 Assessment of Quality of Life (6 Dimension) question 10 Assessment of Quality of Life (6 Dimension) question 11 Assessment of Quality of Life (6 Dimension) question 12 Assessment of Quality of Life (6 Dimension) question 13 Assessment of Quality of Life (6 Dimension) question 14 Assessment of Quality of Life (6 Dimension) question 15 Assessment of Quality of Life (6 Dimension) question 16 Assessment of Quality of Life (6 Dimension) question 17 Assessment of Quality of Life (6 Dimension) question 18 Assessment of Quality of Life (6 Dimension) question 19 Assessment of Quality of Life (6 Dimension) question 20 Assessment of Quality of Life (6 Dimension) item disvalue 1 Assessment of Quality of Life (6 Dimension) item disvalue 2 Assessment of Quality of Life (6 Dimension) item disvalue 3 Assessment of Quality of Life (6 Dimension) item disvalue 4 Assessment of Quality of Life (6 Dimension) item disvalue 5 Assessment of Quality of Life (6 Dimension) item disvalue 6 Assessment of Quality of Life (6 Dimension) item disvalue 7 Assessment of Quality of Life (6 Dimension) item disvalue 8 Assessment of Quality of Life (6 Dimension) item disvalue 9 Assessment of Quality of Life (6 Dimension) item disvalue 10 Assessment of Quality of Life (6 Dimension) item disvalue 11 Assessment of Quality of Life (6 Dimension) item disvalue 12 Assessment of Quality of Life (6 Dimension) item disvalue 13 Assessment of Quality of Life (6 Dimension) item disvalue 14 Assessment of Quality of Life (6 Dimension) item disvalue 15 Assessment of Quality of Life (6 Dimension) item disvalue 16 Assessment of Quality of Life (6 Dimension) item disvalue 17 Assessment of Quality of Life (6 Dimension) item disvalue 18 Assessment of Quality of Life (6 Dimension) item disvalue 19 Assessment of Quality of Life (6 Dimension) item disvalue 20 Disvalue Score for Dimension 1 - Independent Living Disvalue Score for Dimension 2 - Relationships Disvalue Score for Dimension 3 - Mental Health Disvalue Score for Dimension 4 - Coping Disvalue Score for Dimension 5 - Pain Disvalue Score for Dimension 6 - Senses Adult Score Dimension 1 - Independent Living Adult Score Dimension 2 - Relationships Adult Score Dimension 3 - Mental Health Adult Score Dimension 4 - Coping Adult Score Dimension 5 - Pain Adult Score Dimension 6 - Senses Overall score on a 0-1 disvalue scale Overall score on a life-death disutility scale AQoL-6D Adolescent Disutility Score (Untransformed) AQoL-6D Adolescent Disutility Score (Transformed) Instrument utility score Instrument utility score rotated AQol-6D utility Unweighted AQoL-4D total
Participant_1 Baseline 2020-03-22 14 Male Male Heterosexual No Australia Yes Yes Not studying or working In a relationship Southport Other 0-1a 8 7 96 6 6 28 69 2 3 1 2 3 1 1 2 4 3 3 4 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 1 0.073 0.240 0.000 0.040 0.461 0.000 0.000 0.133 0.824 0.330 0.368 0.722 0.055 0.826 0.133 0.2 0.072 0.033 0.024 0.000 0.19334101 0.2964368 0.7312060 0.7708396 0.2619285 0.03009428 0.8066590 0.7035632 0.2687940 0.2291604 0.7380715 0.9699057 0.6436897 0.7286568 0.55838936 0.55838936 0.4416106 0.5078265 0.5698492 46
Participant_10 Baseline 2020-08-05 15 Female Female Other Yes Other No No Studying and working Not in a relationship Canberra Other 0-1a 11 17 34 13 15 38 60 1 2 2 3 5 1 3 3 4 4 3 4 3 3 1 2 2 3 2 1 0.000 0.033 0.041 0.297 1.000 0.000 0.648 0.392 0.824 0.784 0.368 0.722 0.382 0.423 0.000 0.2 0.072 0.223 0.024 0.000 0.27064870 0.7770111 0.8683514 0.6579841 0.1935407 0.13938313 0.7293513 0.2229889 0.1316486 0.3420159 0.8064593 0.8606169 0.7541542 0.8537026 0.74739738 0.74739738 0.2526026 0.3413671 0.3916050 52
Participant_10 Follow-up 2020-11-07 15 Female Female Other Yes Other No No Not studying or working Not in a relationship Regional Centre Depression 1b 7 17 95 14 10 48 64 2 3 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 5 3 2 3 1 2 2 3 2 0.073 0.240 0.041 0.000 0.074 0.193 0.197 0.133 0.142 0.330 0.368 1.000 0.382 0.057 0.642 0.0 0.072 0.033 0.205 0.187 0.18835933 0.2602305 0.5155772 0.5858738 0.4342728 0.21476953 0.8116407 0.7397695 0.4844228 0.4141262 0.5657272 0.7852305 0.6473112 0.7327563 0.56418597 0.56418597 0.4358140 0.5027214 0.5645345 47
Participant_100 Baseline 2020-07-19 25 Female Female Other Yes Other No No Working only In a relationship Canberra Depression and Anxiety 0-1a 7 0 120 3 0 21 76 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 5 3 2 1 3 1 1 1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.074 0.000 0.197 0.133 0.142 0.097 0.064 0.056 1.000 0.423 0.133 0.0 0.338 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00000000 0.1433888 0.2505682 0.7769222 0.2866694 0.00000000 1.0000000 0.8566112 0.7494318 0.2230778 0.7133306 1.0000000 0.4558633 0.5160373 0.29587849 0.29587849 0.7041215 0.7390198 0.7978085 36
Participant_1000 Baseline 2020-09-06 16 Male Male Heterosexual Yes Other No No Not studying or working Not in a relationship Canberra Anxiety 0-1a 0 0 128 0 0 0 71 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 3 1 1 1 2 1 1 0.073 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.193 0.000 0.133 0.000 0.097 0.064 0.000 0.055 0.423 0.000 0.0 0.000 0.033 0.000 0.000 0.02813508 0.1346642 0.1819574 0.3514811 0.0000000 0.01916297 0.9718649 0.8653358 0.8180426 0.6485189 1.0000000 0.9808370 0.2379252 0.2693314 0.08939064 0.08939064 0.9106094 0.9208737 0.9511345 29
Participant_1000 Follow-up 2020-12-20 16 Male Male Heterosexual Yes Other No No Not studying or working Not in a relationship Southport Anxiety 1b 5 0 117 5 1 14 71 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 2 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 0.073 0.033 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.197 0.000 0.392 0.000 0.064 0.338 0.055 0.057 0.000 0.0 0.000 0.000 0.024 0.000 0.04719190 0.1002056 0.2658587 0.2080310 0.0000000 0.01111253 0.9528081 0.8997944 0.7341413 0.7919690 1.0000000 0.9888875 0.2228889 0.2523102 0.07926885 0.07926885 0.9207312 0.9297879 0.9576133 31

Creating summary plots

To create plots, we use the depict method.

We can create a list of summary plots by timepoint for all individual items.

plot_ls <- depict(Y, type_1L_chr = "item_by_time")

We can then select a desired item’s summary plot by using its index number.

plot_ls[[1]]
AQoL-6D Item 1 scores by data-collection round

AQoL-6D Item 1 scores by data-collection round

Alternatively, we can generate individual plots by passing the item index number to the var_idcs_int argument of depict.

depict(Y, type_1L_chr = "item_by_time", var_idcs_int = 2L)
AQoL-6D Item 2 scores by data-collection round

AQoL-6D Item 2 scores by data-collection round

We can also plot domain scores by time.

depict(Y, type_1L_chr = "domain_by_time", var_idcs_int = 1L)
AQoL-6D Independet Living Domain weighted scores by data-collection round

AQoL-6D Independet Living Domain weighted scores by data-collection round

Total AQoL-6D scores can also be plotted using the same approach, where var_idcs_int = 1L is used to plot the weighted total distribution and var_idcs_int = 2L is used for plotting the unweighted total.

depict(Y, type_1L_chr = "total_by_time", var_idcs_int = 1L)
AQoL-6D item total weighted scores by data-collection round

AQoL-6D item total weighted scores by data-collection round

Composite plots can be generated as well, though these are not currently optimised to reliably produce quality plots suitable for publication.

depict(Y, type_1L_chr = "comp_item_by_time")
AQoL-6D item responses by data-collection round

AQoL-6D item responses by data-collection round

depict(Y, type_1L_chr = "comp_domain_by_time")
## Warning: The dot-dot notation (`..density..`) was deprecated in ggplot2 3.4.0.
##  Please use `after_stat(density)` instead.
##  The deprecated feature was likely used in the youthvars package.
##   Please report the issue to the authors.
## This warning is displayed once every 8 hours.
## Call `lifecycle::last_lifecycle_warnings()` to see where this warning was
## generated.
AQoL-6D weighted domain scores by data-collection round

AQoL-6D weighted domain scores by data-collection round

Share output

We can now publicly share our scored dataset and its associated metadata, using Ready4useRepos and its share method as described in a vignette from the ready4use package.

Z <- ready4use::Ready4useRepos(gh_repo_1L_chr = "ready4-dev/scorz", # Replace with details of your repo.
                               gh_tag_1L_chr = "Documentation_0.0") # You must have write permissions.
Z <- share(Z,
           obj_to_share_xx = Y,
           fl_nm_1L_chr = "ymh_ScorzAqol6Adol")

Y is now available for download as the file ymh_ScorzAqol6Adol.RDS from the “Documentation_0.0” release of the scorz package.